Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
2 Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
3 Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract
Keywords
Main Subjects
1. Background
The emergence of sequencing data has helped the research in many model plants in general and in functional genomics in particular. Genome sequencing, next-generation sequencing, bioinformatics tools, shotgun sequencing, RNA-seq, expressed sequence tags, and microarrays have contributed largely in the research area of the biotechnology and molecular biology, respectively (1, 2). However, these tools lack in providing a comprehensive understanding of the functional consequence of the genes’ sequences. The function of a gene could be understood through silencing gene expression experiments and stable mutant plant lines. Conversely, there is a limited cloning friendly insertional mutant resources, and what is available, is particularly available for Arabidopsis (3) as well as a small number of other plant species (Supplementary Tables A and C). In addition, the identification of the mutant plant species can be achieved by targeting the induced local lesions in the genomes (TILLING) (4) in which the nucleotide sequences are well annotated and available (5). Gene overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) studies are presently restricted to the plant species that are acquiescent to the genetic transformation, while, they are laborious and time-consuming (6,7). Micro-RNA-induced gene silencing (8,9) and artificial micro-RNA-mediated gene silencing are used in plants for a targeted gene silencing, but these approaches involve a stable plant transformation, which is laborious, time consuming, and inappropriate with high-throughput studies (10-12). Similarly, a specific gene knockout in the plants can be used by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated (Cas) nuclease (13), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) (14), and transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs) (15). But, these methods require time consuming stable plant transformation and are mainly suitable as ‘reverse genetics’ tools.
Virus-induced silencing is a post transcriptional gene silencing method (16, 17) adopted by plants as a shield against viral attacks (18, 19). RNA dependent RNA polymerase produces double stranded RNA during the virus replication leading to PTGS (20-22). siRNA is produced by a process which involves Dicer-like enzyme-mediated cleavage of the dsRNA (23). RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) chops the viral RNA in a homology-dependent manner (23) as a result of binding and activation of siRNA to RISC (Supplementary Fig. 1). This plant defense mechanism has been used for the development of a process for silencing of the endogenous plant genes (24). To silence a specific plant gene, a fragment of the target gene is cloned into a modified virus vector and delivered to the plant (25-27). The virus replication mechanism multiplies the target gene fragment introduced in the virus vector in the plant cell, and the transcripts spread throughout the plant systemically (28). The induced PTGS triggers the production of siRNA homologs, which will lead to the endogenous plant gene silencing (29).
Since the first report of VIGS in the late 1990s, it has been extensively used by many scientists for understanding and exploiting the role of plant genes in numerous biological processes (24, 30, 31). The viral induced gene silencing has overcome many constraints. It favors to study gene functions when mutations are lethal to the embryonic stages and resulting into deformation of the plants (26, 32). It is also good for high-throughput genetic analysis (33-35), as it can be performed in a short time without any alteration in the plant genome (36, 37).
Various virus-induced gene silencing vectors have been developed which cause gene silencing of the many target genes in numerous plant species (38). Twenty-two VIGS vectors have been reported which are capable of multiple genes silencing in the multiple species (Supplementary Table B). Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) based VIGS vectors have been used in many plant species, particularly in Solanaceae family such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and N. benthamiana (37, 39). Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV), Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Potato virus-X (PVX), and Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) have been reported as VIGS vectors capable of gene silencing in N. benthamiana (39, 40). PVX and TRV-based VIGS vectors express strong gene silencing in N. benthamiana. TRV has ability to infect meristem tissues (41), while others cannot.
Tobacco rattle virus
(TRV)possesses bipartite genome: TRV1 (RNA1) and TRV2 (RNA2) (42). RNA 1 has a pivotal role in viral systemic movement (43). RNA1 encodes replicase proteins 134 and 194 kDa. RNA 2 has genes responsible for nonstructural and coat proteins (CP) and its genome shows diversity among its various isolates (42). The nonstructural proteins are associated with transmission to the nematodes (44), but these proteins have no role in plant infection. In this study, SCMV based VIGS vector was developed in order to trigger gene silencing of the both exogenous and endogenous genes in Nicotiana benthamiana.
2. Objectives
In this study, SCMV based VIGS vector was developed in order to trigger gene silencing of both exogenous and endogenous genes in Nicotiana benthamiana.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Growth Conditions and Plant Material
Plants of N. benthamiana were maintained in a restrained climatic condition in growth room at 20-25 °C with a 14/10 h light (~75 µmol.m-2.s-1)/dark photoperiod. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse until they attained the two leaf-stage and were ready for inoculation with the SCMV-VIGS construct. The inoculated plants were transferred to the growth room at 23-25 °C until assessed.
3.2. Construction of SCMV-VIGS Vectors
For the development of SCMV based VIGS vector, RNA1 and the two nonstructural proteins of the RNA2 in pBINTRA6 (AF314165) (45) were substituted by Sugarcane mosaic virus CP gene segment. Moreover, multiple cloning sites for inserting fragments of the target gene to be silenced were also introduced (46) (Fig .1).The SCMV-RNA2 derived construct was then cloned into an Agrobacterium-mediated binary vector (pCAMBIA1300) for plant inoculation (46, 47) (Fig. 2). VIGS vector was constructed by using LBA4404 Agrobacterium strain. 313 bp cDNA was amplified from SCMV (Accession # KC200152) using Pfu DNA polymerase applying the primer pair: SCMV-313-F (5’-TGCAGGAGCCCAAGGAGGGG-3’) and SCMV-313-R (5’-GGTGCTGCTGCACTCCCAACA-3’), respectively. The cDNA clone was inserted into the XmaI site of pBINTRA6 (AF314165)(45) and the resulting clones were confirmed by sequencing, and designated as the SCMV-RNA2 construct (Fig. 2).
The same cloning strategy was adopted to clone a series of GFP and magnesium chelatase subunit I (ChlI) fragments. The selected sequences were amplified with primer pairs, GFP-F (5′-ATCGATGGTGATGTTAATGGGCAC-3′) and GFP-R (5′-ATCGATGTCATGCCGTTTCAT ATG-3′). PCR products were purified, treated with T4 DNA polymerase at room temperature to generate sticky ends, followed by a heat treatment at 75 °C for 10 min to deactivate the polymerase. The XmaI linearized pBINTRA6 vector was subjected to the same treatment to create complementary sticky ends. The pBINTRA6 vector (20 ng) and PCR products (~200 ng) were mixed, incubated for 2 minutes at 66 °C followed by a slow cooling to room temperature for annealing. Ten µl aliquots were used for cloning into Escherichia coli DH5-α, and transformants were confirmed by endonuclease restriction digestions and colony PCR.
The N. benthamiana 200 bp ChlI gene fragment was obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (48) using the primer pair ChlI-F (5'-CTGAGGGTGTCAAGGCATTT-3') and ChlI-R (5'-TTCCGAATCGATCAAGAAGC-3'). The resulting fragment was integrated into pBINTRA6 in the sense orientations to generate ChlI silencing construct (SCMV-ChlI).
3.3. Agro-Infiltration of N. benthamiana.
The SCMV based VIGS constructs were transformed into A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 by electroporation method. Cultures were grown ready to use for agroinfiltration. Single colonies were incubated overnight at 28 °C while shaking in 5 mL of LB in the presence of antibiotic kanamycin (100 µg.mL-1). One mL of the grown cultures was subcultured in 50 mL LB under the same growth conditions for 12 hrs. The bacterial cells were centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 ×g and were mixed with infiltration buffer [10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES), pH 5.2, and 0.1 mM acetosyringone]. The infiltration buffer was incubated for three hours at room temperature until ~0.7 OD600 was obtained.
SCMV-VIGS constructs were infiltrated into four to eight N. benthamiana leaves immediately above the cotyledons with a 1-mL needleless syringe (Fig. 3). The infiltrated leaves were evaluated for silencing expression after maintenance in a growth chamber for 5 to 12 days post infiltration (dpi). Inoculation was also performed with either of the two methods: the agrodrench method and by pricking with a toothpick (Fig. 3, supplementary Table 4).
3.4. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis
TRIzol reagent was used to extract total RNA as described by the manufacturer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). RNA was treated with DNase, and first-strand cDNA synthesis was carried out with M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The expression level of the target gene was monitored by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using gene-specific primers (Table 1) that anneal outside the region targeted for silencing.
4. Results
Plant phenotype may change due to silencing of a target gene; here GFP silencing changed to red under UV (Figs. 4B, D-E). Similarly, ChlI gene silencing resulted in a photobleaching in the plants (Figs. 4G-I). The ChlI gene is responsible for the biosynthesis of carotenoids (31). When this gene is silenced carotenoids level is reduced which protects photosystem. Hence, photo-oxidation is initiated resulting in photobleaching under ordinary light intensity (31, 46).
RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the silencing levels of the target endogenous genes using gene-specific primers (Fig. 5). The degree of gene silencing depends on many factors i.e. intensity of the viral infection, time of VIGS construct inoculation and the expression of the target genes. N. benthamiana plants inoculated with SCMV-RNA2:ChlI construct showed >95% reduction in the transcript levels (Fig. 5), while, silencing ChlI gene by which phenotype photobleaching occurs, has noticed ~15 dpi (Figs. 4G-I). The silencing of the target gene is directly related to the degree of target gene function and silencing. Sometimes target genes are silenced, but they do not exhibit visual phenotype changes as compared with the control plants inoculated with the control vectors. The virus-induced gene silencing is assumed to be effective if ~80% or greater downregulation of the endogenous target gene has occurred but it is governed by the nature and function of the genes (49). It has been observed that the inoculated plants can maintain the gene silencing for a couple of years and even in the next progeny, as well (50).
GFP
gene (exogenous) silencing in transgenic N. benthamiana 16-c line, infected with SCMV-RNA2 construct harboring GFP gene segment, appeared as red under UV (Figs. 4D-F). Since GFP sequences do not possess homology with the plant DNA, and therefore any other gene(s) of the plant, it will not be silenced.
5. Discussion
The initial investigation on adapting SCMV-CPVIGS construct as a silencing vector was based on the well-established GFP silencing system (use of pBINTRA6 vector) in N. benthamiana line 16c (Ruiz et al., 1998). The construct cassette was restricted to GFP transgene expression under the control of the constitutive promoter 35S derived from Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and NOS terminator (Fig. 1). The N. benthamiana 16c (GFP transgenic) plants normally appear to be green under UV illumination due to GFP fluorescence (Fig. 4A). In contrast, the non-transgenic N. benthamiana appears red (Fig. 4B) under UV illumination due to chlorophyll autofluorescence (30, 51). The results presented here indicate that a modified pBINTRA6 VIGS vector has efficiently worked as a silencer and as an expression vector in N. benthamiana. SCMV-RNA2 construct carrying the fragment of the GFP was capable of silencing GFP expression in N. benthamiana 16c when inoculated using potyvirus SCMV (Figs. 4 D-F) for the systemic silencing of the target gene(s). Further validation of the VIGS construct was done by cloning a fragment of endogenous gene ChlI into SCMV-RNA2 construct and inoculating it to the N. benthamiana. The inoculation yielded bleaching in the systemic leaves which is the characteristic of the loss of chlorophyll, providing a visible marker for gene silencing (Figs. 4G-I). The results confirmed that the vector is capable of initiating silencing of an endogenous gene in N. benthamiana (49).
The VIGS is a powerful technique for down-regulating gene expression in the plants (52-54). It is now widely used as a means of investigating gene function and has been adapted for high-throughput studies (33). Such an analysis would have been far more difficult and time consuming without the availability of VIGS.
GFP
has been used extensively to study the systemic movement of the viruses in the plants e.g. CP replacement vectors have been used to study the movement of Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV) (55). These studies have shown that DNA viruses do not require the CP for systemic infection of the host plants (56, 57). However, for RNA viruses, the CP is essential for the infectivity as it is responsible for providing some essential movement functions, either as virions or as CP-RNA complexes (58-61). In pBINTRA6 (62) RNA1 and nonstructural protein genes of the RNA2 are involved in the systemic movement of the virus, but, silencing of the target genes was evident when they were replaced with the SCMV-CP gene. Under UV illumination, silencing at the site of inoculation was evident. The silencing appeared as the red area around the site of infiltration. As well, a number of silencing patches were present in the developing leaves at the time of inoculation. It was evident from the results that silencing of the GFP along the veins has been initiated. The leaves above this (i.e. developing leaves after inoculation) initially showed silencing along the veins and later spread to the whole leaf surface systemically. All subsequently developing tissues were entirely silenced, thus appearing red under UV illumination. The silencing was persistent and remained until plants’ senescence. Our results clearly have shown down regulation of GFP and ChlI in the N. benthamiana using our newly developed construct, named SCMV-RNA2.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan and professor Baulcombe’s laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK for providing us with the pBINTRA6 vector under a material transfer agreement.