National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Identification of a Specific Pseudo attP Site for Phage PhiC31 Integrase in Bovine Genome
1
9
EN
Mohammad Hadi
Sekhavati
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
hadisekhavati@gmail.com
Mojtaba
Tahmoorespur
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, I.R. IRAN
Farnoosh
Jafarpour
Department of Reproduction and Development at Reproductive Biomedicine Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
Kianoush
Dormiani
Department of Molecular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
Yahya
Khazaie
Department of Molecular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
Kamran
Ghaedi
Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan & Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology
kamranghaedi@yahoo.com
Sayyed Morteza
Hosseini
Department of Reproduction and Development at Reproductive Biomedicine Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
Mahboobeh
Forouzanfar
Department of Molecular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
Mohammad Hossein
Nasr Esfahani
Department of Molecular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
10.15171/ijb.1013
Background: PhiC31 integrase system provides a new platform in various felid of research, mainly in gene therapy and creation of transgenic animals. This system enables integration of exogenous DNA into preferred locations in mammalian genomes, which results in robust, long-term expression of the integrated transgene. Objectives: Identification of a novel pseudo attP site. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from primary bovine fetal fibroblast cells, which were stably transfected with EGFP and phiC31 integrase cDNAs carrying vectors. An inverse PCR was carried out for production of mini-circle DNAs and followed by sequencing. Results: A new specific pseudo attP site termed BF5 was identified in bovine genome. This site is located in an intergenic AT rich region on chromosome 5 with similar features of other mammalian attP pseudo sites. Furthermore, direct sequencing of generated attL site confirmed that site-specific transgene recombination was occurred at this site. Conclusions: This finding confirmed that phiC31 integrase could be feasible for production of transgenic animals for biotechnological applications.
PhiC31 intagrase,Pseudo attP site,Protein expression,Recombination
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7571.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7571_2aee096c390db0e197ea0b5e1bef2f00.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Gene Encoding OipA from Iranian Clinical Helicobacter pylori
10
16
EN
Mohaddese
Mahboubi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
mahboubi1357@yahoo.com
Tahereh
Falsafi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
falsafi.tahereh@yahoo.com
Majid
Sadeghizadeh
0000-0002-2497-3152
Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 14115-175
sadeghma@modares.ac.ir
10.15171/ijb.1033
Background: Outer inflammatory protein A (OipA) is one of the important adhesins of H. pylori and a valuable candidate for vaccine development. Its gene is under "on-off" switch status which correlates with OipA protein expression. Objectives: We aimed to obtain a recombinant OipA clone (with "on" status) from an Iranian clinical isolate. Materials and Methods: A clinical H. pylori-isolate demonstrating high expression for an outer membrane protein (OMP) with an apparent MW of 33-35 kDa was selected. oipA specific primer was designed according to oipA sequences from B8 strain. The purified PCR-product was sequenced and submitted to Gene Bank. The pET-28a plasmid and E. coli DH5α were used for cloning and transformation. The recombinanBackground: Outer inflammatory protein A (OipA) is one of the important adhesins of H. pylori and a valuable candidate for vaccine development. Its gene is under “on-off” switch status which correlates with OipA protein expression. Objectives: We aimed to obtain a recombinant OipA clone (with “on” status) from an Iranian clinical isolate. Materials and Methods: A clinical H. pylori-isolate demonstrating high expression for an outer membrane protein (OMP) with an apparent MW of 33-35 kDa was selected. oipA specific primer was designed according to oipA sequences from B8 strain. The purified PCR-product was sequenced and submitted to Gene Bank. The pET-28a plasmid and E. coli DH5α were used for cloning and transformation. The recombinant plasmid was transferred to E. coli BL21 (DE3). Extracted proteins were purified and presence of OipA was confirmed by western blotting using both anti His-tag monoclonal antibody and anti-OipA specific antibody. Results: The sequence of the oipA gene and the MW of the purified recombinant OipA protein consisted on 924 bp and 33-35 kDa, respectively. Its identity with other published oipA genes was 92-96%; highest identity was observed with that of a Mexican oipA clone, obtained from a H. pylori strain associated with severe symptoms. Conclusions: Recombinant oipA clone obtained in this work, may be a functional oipA gene with “on” status, associated with more severe outcomes of H. pylori infection.t plasmid was transferred to E. coli BL21 (DE3). Extracted proteins were purified and presence of OipA was confirmed by western blotting using both anti His-tag monoclonal antibody and anti-OipA specific antibody. Results: The sequence of the oipA gene and the MW of the purified recombinant OipA protein consisted on 924 bp and 33-35 kDa, respectively. Its identity with other published oipA genes was 92-96%; most identity was observed with that of a Mexican oipA clone, obtained from a H. pylori strain associated with severe symptoms. Conclusion: Recombinant oipA clone obtained in this work, may be a functional oipA gene with "on" status, associated with more severe outcomes of H. pylori infection.
Cloning,Helicobacter pylori,Iran,OipA
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7928.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7928_d55d9190ddd93c85752303a52319fdd9.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Expression and Simple Purification Strategy for the Generation of Anti-microbial Active Enterocin P from Enterococcus faecium Expressed in Escherichia coli ER2566
17
25
EN
Thu Ngoc
Le
Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18- Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Ha Noi, VIETNAM
Thi Huyen
Do
Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18- Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Ha Noi, VIETNAM
Thanh Nhan
Nguyen
Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18- Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Ha Noi, VIETNAM
Ngoc Tan
Tran
Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18- Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Ha Noi, VIETNAM
Sven Olof
Enfors
KTH-Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Rolagstullsbacken, S-10691, Stockholm, SWEDEN
Hai
Truong
Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18- Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Ha Noi, VIETNAM
tnhai@ibt.ac.vn
10.15171/ijb.1154
Background: Enterocin-P of Enterococcus faecium P13 (EntP) is of great interest as a food preservative and medicine due to its non-toxicity and broad antimicrobial spectrum in various pH, as well as its excellent thermal stability. However, recombinant production of EntP is still in laboratory because of low productivity and complex purification process. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to develop efficient methods for high-level expression and convenient purification of the recombinant EntP. Materials and Methods: An artificially synthesized gene (entP) of 132 bp encoding mature enterocin P of E. faecium P13 was cloned in plasmid pTWIN1 under the control of an inducible T7lac promoter for expression of fusion protein EntP-Mxe GyrA mini-intein-chitin binding domain (CBD) (abbreviated by EntP-Int-CBD) in E. coli. Recombinant EntP was released from the fusion protein by DTT digestion and cleaned by distill water and checked for anti-bacterial activity. Results: The fusion protein was highly expressed in insoluble form in E. coli at 37oC with 0.05 mM IPTG induction. The insoluble fusion protein EntP-Int-CBD was easily prepared by cell sonication and centrifugation to remove soluble contaminants. The repeat washing steps with Triton X-100 were applied to reduce contaminants. After DTT-induced self-digestion in urea 4 M, the EntP released from the fusion protein was insoluble in water and easier to be separated from soluble Int-CBD by centrifugation. The recombinant peptide was soluble in 20% 2-propanol in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and exhibited strong anti- Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus activities. Conclusion: This study is the first report providing a simple, quick and straight forward procedure for heterologous production of functional and pure Enterocin P without using any chromatography columns in the purification process.
Antimicrobial activity,E. coli expression,Enterocin P,Mxe GyrA mini-intein-chitin binding domain (CBD),Purification
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7929.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7929_cba70214d8df88330b18f5c9dd1cfb9c.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Optimizing Primary Recovery and Refolding of Human Interferon-b from Escherichia coli Inclusion Bodies
26
34
EN
Farzaneh
Ashnagar
Faculty of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box: 14965/161
fr_1376@yahoo.com
Mahvash
Khodabandeh
0000-0002-4394-7718
Faculty of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
saba@nigeb.ac.ir
Ayyoob
Arpanaei
Faculty of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
aa@nigeb.ac.ir
Zohreh
Azita
Sadigh
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
Fatemeh
Rahimi
Faculty of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
rahimi12@nigeb.ac.ir
Parvin
Shariati
Faculty of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
shariati@nigeb.ac.ir
10.15171/ijb.1157
Background: The refolding of proteins from inclusion bodies is affected by several factors, including solubilization of inclusion bodies by denaturants, removal of the denaturant, and assistance of refolding by small molecule additives. Objectives: The purpose of this study was optimization of recombinant human interferon-b purification in order to achieve higher efficiency, yield, and a product with a better and more suitable biological activity. Materials and Methods: Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate were used to wash the recombinant human interferon-b inclusion bodies prior to solubilization. The inclusion bodies solubilization process was performed by denaturants and reducing agents; guanidine-hydrochloride, urea, b-mercaptoethanol and dithiothritol. Results: The best recovery was obtained in the presence of 0.5% TritonX-100 (v/v). Low concentrations of urea only gave a marginal improvement on the refolding of recombinant human interferon-b. Successful refolding was achieved by gradient elution (decreasing the guanidine-hydrochloride concentration) in the presence of L-arginine. Partial purification was also achieved continuously, and recombinant human interferon-b was recovered with 93.5% purity. The interferon prepared in this project was biologically active and inhibited the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in Hela cells, when compared to the standard interferon. Conclusions: In this research, the best recovery of inclusion bodies was found at a concentration 0.5 M of Triton X-100, the maximum efficiency of solubility was found in pH 10.5 and the maximum efficiency of refolding was achieved by final buffer containing 2M urea and 0.6 M L-Arg. Conclusion: In this research, the best recovery of inclusion bodies was found at a concentration 0.5 M of Triton X-100, the maximum efficiency of solubility was found in pH = 10.5 and the maximum efficiency of refolding was achieved by final buffer containing 2M urea and 0.6 M L-Arg.
Beta interferon,Inclusion bodies,L-arginine
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_8037.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_8037_dd701b2e1d2d8353fb2f0197046996c9.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Purification and Characterization of Extracellular, Polyextremophilic α-amylase Obtained from Halophilic Engyodontium album
35
40
EN
Imran
Ali
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
imranalisheik@gmail.com
Ali
Akbar
Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, THAILAND
Muhammad
Anwar
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87300, PAKISTAN
Benjawan
Yanwisetpakdee
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, THAILAND
Sehanat
Prasongsuk
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, THAILAND
Pongtharin
Lotrakul
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, THAILAND
Hunsa
Punnapayak
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, THAILAND
phunsa@chula.ac.th
10.15171/ijb.1155
Background: a-Amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) are covering approximately 25% of total enzyme market and are frequently used in food, pharmaceutical and detergent industries. Objectives: The first ever detailed characterization of amylase from any halophilic Engyodontium album is presented. Materials and Methods: An extracellular α-amylase was studied from halophilic E. album TISTR 3645. The enzyme was extracted and purified by column chromatography. SDS-PAGE was performed to find the molecular weight of the enzyme. The effects of pH, temperature and salinity on the isolated enzyme were determined. The effects of various additives on enzyme were studied. Results: The molecular weight of the amylase was 50 kDa. The enzyme specific activity was 132.17 U.mg-1 with Vmax and Km values of 15.36 U.mg-1 and 6.28 mg.ml-1, respectively. The optimum enzyme activities were found at pH 9.0, 60ºC and 30% (w/v) NaCl. BaCl2, CaCl2, HgCl2 and MgCl2 improved amylase activity. b-mercaptoethanol, EDTA, FeCl2 and ZnCl2 decreased enzyme activity. Conclusions: Polyextremophilic characteristics of a-amylase from halophilic E. album TISTR 3645 were revealed during the characterization studies, demonstrating promising features, making it a useful candidate for various industries.
a-amylase,Engyodontium album,Extremozyme,Halophilic fungi
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7931.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7931_077fae8f9e322e795b53f23006cb7e40.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Bacterial Thermostable Polymethyl Galacturonase from a Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. strain BR1390
41
46
EN
Hamid Reza
Karbalaei-Heidari
Department of Biology, Shiraz University
karbalaei@shirazu.ac.ir
Banafshe
Rastegari
Molecular Biotechnology Lab., Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz
University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
banafshe_rastegari@yahoo.com
10.15171/ijb.1133
Background: Pectinases are pectin degrading class of enzymes including polygalacturonase (PG), polymethyl galacturonase (PMG), pectate lyase (PEL), and pectin esterase (PE) that are commonly used in processes involving the degradation of plant materials, such as speeding up the extraction of fruit juices. Objectives: A highly methylated pectin degrading bacterium from soil covered with fruit waste was isolated and its extracellular pectinase as a novel polymethyl galacturonase was characterized. Materials and Methods: Pectin-degrading microorganism screening was performed using agar plates containing pectin as the sole carbon source. The biochemical studies were used to characterize the enzyme. Results: Bacterium with greater PMG activity was a Bacillus sp. based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis and named as a Bacillus sp. strain BR1390. Two steps column chromatography showed a dimeric protein with apparent molecular masses of 104 and 56 kDa, evident by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. Substrate specificity analysis using various polygalacturonic acid compounds revealed its polymethyl galacturonase (PMG, EC 3.2.1.-) activity. Biochemical studies represent the thermophilic characteristics and reasonable pH stability of the polymethyl galacturonase when using pectin as substrate. The PMG activity significantly enhanced in the presence of most divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, but Hg2+ and Fe3+ served as strong inhibitor. Conclusions: Overall, regarding to have suitable activity in acidic conditions and high operational stability of the purified pectinase, the introduced PMG can be an ideal functional substitute for applications in the fruit juice industry, especially in citrus fruits extraction and clarification.
Dimeric pectinase,Fruit juice industry,Polymethyl galacturonase,Thermostable pectinase
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7932.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7932_017d8b190ce133bd90846c3331197d31.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
The Application of a Non-Radioactive DD-AFLP Method for Profiling of Aeluropus lagopoides Differentially Expressed Transcripts under Salinity or Drought Conditions
47
57
EN
Khadijeh
Razavi
0000000000000000
NIGEB
razavi@nigeb.ac.ir
Sasan
Mohsenzadeh
Academic member of Science faculty of Shiraz University
mohsenzadeh@susc.ac.ir
Mohammad Ali
Malboobi
0000-0001-7533-867X
Academic member of agricultural biotechnology Department Of NIGEB
malboobi@nigeb.ac.ir
Tahmineh
Lohrasebi
0000-0001-5062-1655
Academic member of agricultural biotechnology Department of NIGEB
lohrasebi@nigeb.ac.ir
Farhad
Ghavami
Researcher in Department of plant pathology of University of Minnesota Twin Cities
fghavami@yahoo.com
10.15171/ijb.1121
Aeluropus lagopoides is a salt and drought tolerant grass from Poaceae family, distributed widely in arid regions. There is almost no information about the genetics or genome of this close relative of wheat that stands harsh conditions of deserts. Differential Display Amplified fragment length polymorphism (DD-AFLP) led to the improvement of a non-radioactive method for which many parameters were optimized. Having screened approximately 1600 transcript-derived fragments, 1.4 percent of them showed varied expression levels in response to high salt or drought treatments. The relative abundance of twenty one selected differentially expressed fragments was inspected by reverse northern blotting that affirmed the potential of this applied method. Sequence comparisons revealed that some of the isolated genes are involved in osmotic adjustment, regulation of transcription, cation transportation and stress responses. These data clearly show that the modified DD-AFLP method was a successful and reliable approach for the isolation of differentially expressed genes.Background: Aeluropus lagopoides is a salt and drought tolerant grass from Poaceae family, distributed widely in arid regions. There is almost no information about the genetics or genome of this close relative of wheat that stands harsh conditions of deserts. Objectives: The main aim of this research was to isolation and characterization of salt and drought inducible genes from A. lagopoides by Differential Display Amplified fragment length polymorphism (DD-AFLP) method. Material and Methods: In this research A. lagopoides was grown under salt or drought conditions and after modifying the DD-AFLP method several fragments were isolated and after nomination their induction was studied by reverse northern blotting. Results: DD-AFLP led to the improvement of a non-radioactive method for which many parameters were optimized. Having screened approximately 1600 transcript-derived fragments, 1.4 percent of them showed varied expression levels in response to high salt or drought treatments. The relative abundance of twenty one selected differentially expressed fragments was inspected by reverse northern blotting that affirmed the potential of this applied method. Sequence comparisons revealed that some of the isolated genes are involved in osmotic adjustment, regulation of transcription, cation transportation and stress responses. These data clearly show that the modified DD-AFLP method was a successful and reliable approach for the isolation of differentially expressed genes.
Aeluropus lagopoides,DD-AFLP,Drought,Inducible genes,Salinity
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7711.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7711_77c0e66a022ec2a4ad44e24676bc6eb0.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Mutational Pressure Drives Evolution of Synonymous Codon Usage in Genetically Distinct Oenothera plastomes
58
72
EN
Rahul
R
Nair
Department of Biotechnology, Vignan University, Vadlamudi P.O., Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Pin: 522213
rahulravi777@gmail.com
Nimal T.
Raveendran
Department of Biotechnology, Vignan University, Vadlamudi P.O., Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA, Pin: 522213
Vijaya R.
Dirisala
Department of Biotechnology, Vignan University, Vadlamudi P.O., Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA, Pin: 522213
Manivasagam B
Nandhini
Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, INDIA, Pin: 625021
Thilaga
Sethuraman
Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, INDIA, Pin: 625021
Thirupati C.
Venkateswarulu
Department of Biotechnology, Vignan University, Vadlamudi P.O., Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA, Pin: 522213
Ganesh
Doss
Department of Plant Biotechnology,
Madurai Kamaraj University,
Madurai District,
Tamil Nadu, India,
Pin 625021
ganeshdsneha@yahoo.co.in
10.15171/ijb.1156
Background: Most of the amino acids are encoded by more than one codon, termed as synonymous codons. Synonymous codon usage is not random as it is unique to species. In each amino acid family, some synonymous codons are preferred and this is referred to as synonymous codon usage bias (SCUB). Trends associated with evolution of SCUB and factors influencing its diversification in plastomes of genetically distinct Oenothera plastomes have not been investigated so far. Objectives: In the present study, major forces that shape SCUB in Oenothera plastomes and putative preferred codons in the protein coding genes (PCG) of plastomes were identified. Materials and Methods: To unravel various features of SCUB across selected Oenothera plastomes, commonly used codon usage indices such as relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), synonymous codon usage order (SCUO), effective number of codons (ENC) and codon adaptation index (CAI) were calculated. Correspondence analysis (COA) on RSCU was performed to identify various characteristics of SCUB across different PCG in Oenothera plastomes. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was adopted to correlate nucleotide contents, codon usage indices and major axes of COA to find out critical parameters in shaping SCUB. Results: Mutational bias due to compositional constraints played crucial role in shaping SCUB as T3 and GC3 contents were in strong negative correlation with all axes of COA. Nevertheless, significant negative correlations between axis 1 and 3 with ENC and CAI respectively, in all species, and narrow distribution of GC contents in neutrality plot, indicate the role of natural selection. Hydropathy score of proteins was found to be influencing SCUB in O. glazioviana as it showed strong negative correlation with axis 2. Conclusion: We concluded that mutational pressure coupled with weak selection influenced SCUB in the examined plastomes of Oenothera. In addition, all examined species of Oenothera exist as disjunct populations in different parts of North America and these populations might have experienced genetic drift as random mutations in small populations that have been fixed over a period of time.
Genetic drift,Mutational pressure,Oenothera,Selection,Synonymous codon usage bias
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7934.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7934_2268840fb3001202e6af4b0b6b680abc.pdf
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology
1728-3043
2322-2921
12
4
2014
12
01
Screening of Mushrooms for Polysaccharides
73
76
EN
R.
Sasidhara
Bharathidasan University
sasidhara.r@gmail.com
Vinuthna
Bakki
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Arts and Science for Women, Perambalur-621 212. Tamil Nadu, INDIA
10.15171/ijb.1089
Background: Mushrooms have been valued as high tasty nutritional and nutraceutical food throughout the world. At present 270 species of mushrooms are known to have various nutritional and therapeutic properties. Polysaccharides are the primary content of mushrooms that are used for their pharmaceutical properties as immunostimulators. Objectives: Here, Mushrooms were screened for useful polysaccharides. Materials and Methods: Fungal fruiting bodies were collected in rainy season, isolated and maintained in malt agar medium, and screened for their endo- and exo-polysaccharides. Results: The mushrooms screened in this study are good producers of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS). Ganoderma lucidum was the best producer of polysaccharide among all the isolates. Discussions: Mushroom polysaccharides are well known for their antidiabetic, antitumor and hepatoprotective activities, and so are likely to be used in the preparation of novel drugs. It is suggested that a thorough study on the optimization and characterization of these polysaccharides and biomolecules is essential to exploit this mushroom on an industrial scale.
Biomolecules,Immunostimulators,Medicinal properties,Mushrooms,Nutraceutical,Polysaccharides
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7933.html
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7933_13cdbc4cf15bdf286607f2879f17ba1f.pdf