@article { author = {Allameh, Abdolamir}, title = {Stem Cells, a Reservoir for Life}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {205-206}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.13719}, abstract = {The stem cells can be considered as the miracle of creation, because, they are a major reservoir of the bioactive factors, molecules and cells. These reservoir cells play a major role in development and growth of the tissues and organs. Regardless of the differences in differentiation capacity of embryonic and adult stem cells, both the cells are rich sources of stem cells with therapeutic application. Moreover, manipulation of adult stem cells and reprogramming or reverting embryonic-like state cells can be considered as additional tools for stem cell applications. Stem cells from different sources with different potential (plasticity) may be used to obtain ideal cell lineage with a defined function. Bone marrow, embryo and cord blood are the major stem cell sources which are believed to act systemically for regeneration of tissues and organs in an organism. In addition to embryonic and adult stem cells, there are other sources such as skin, which is a good source of adult stem cells involved in local repair and regeneration of epidermal and dermal tissues (1). Embryonic stem cells (ES): ES cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst. The pluripotency, and their ability to replicate indefinitely are two distinctive properties of the ES. ES cells are readily differentiated into primary germ layers, viz., ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Pluripotency distinguishes ES cells from adult stem cells which are multipotent cells with the capacity to produce limited number of cell types (2). The application of pluripotent stem cells in treatment of blood and immune-system related genetic disorders such as; juvenile diabetes; Parkinson's; blindness, spinal cord injuries and cancers is well established. The transplantation of oligodendrocytes derived from human ES cells into spinal cord-injured individuals was the world's first human ES cell human trial approved by FDA. The diversity of the stem cells present in different tissues implies that the body reserves all the cell types with stemness properties to guarantee important physiological processes and regeneration of organs. Placental stem cells: The placenta has become useful source of stem cells that offer advantages in terms of proliferation and plasticity when compared with adult cells (3). The epithelia, haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells are major stem cells isolated from the placenta. Adult stem cells: The pluripotency of adult stem cells isolated from different tissues was approved by showing their differentiation potential into cell types from different germ layers. For example, neural stem cells derived from ectoderm can differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Bone marrow: Bone marrow is a rich source of two important adult stem cell lineages: Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); HSCs can give rise to all the blood cell types. The HSCs with self-renewal capacity can differentiate into different types of blood cells, including those involved in the human immune system. There are three types of HSC transplants; syngeneic, autologous, and allogeneic transplants. Human bone marrow grafting is currently considered as significant progress in HSCs therapy. HSCs are also applied in reconstitution of damaged hematopoietic cells and restoring the immune system following chemotherapy in certain diseases. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): There are different sources of MSCs and their isolation is relatively easy. The placenta, adipose tissue (4), lung, bone marrow and blood, Wharton's jelly from the umbilical cord, dental pulp and periodontal ligament are often used to isolate MSCs. These cells can be differentiated into various cell lineages and considering their rapid proliferation, multipotency and immunomodulatory properties they are widely used for treatment of various diseases. So far several cell types have been differentiated from MSCs. Mammary stem cells: These cells provide the source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. These cells have been isolated from human and mouse tissue as well as from cell lines originated from the mammary gland that can give rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland. Neural stem cells: The presence of stem cells in the mature animal brain tissue indicates that during the neurogenesis process generation of new neurons continues into adulthood. The subventricular zone, which lines the lateral ventricles, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation are two major regions of the brain comprising adult neurogenesis. The generation of new neurons in the hippocampus is well established but under certain conditions such as tissue injuries in ischemia, neurogenesis can be induced in other regions in the brain. Testicular cells or spermatogonial progenitor cells: These multipotent stem cells have been derived from spermatogonial progenitor cells found in the testicles. Also multipotent stem cells have been derived from germ cells found in testicles which are known as Human Adult Germline Stem Cells (GSCs). The stem cells and the cells derived from them are capable of directly contribute to organ and tissue repair and regeneration. Intestinal stem cells, olfactory adult stem cells and hair follicles cells are other sources which have been used to isolate different stem cells. The advantage of these cells is that they can be harvested with ease from the patients. Perhaps, with the advancements made in the stem cell technologies, the scientists are becoming more optimistic about the therapeutic potential and safety of the stem cell therapy. The existence of stem cells in different tissues, with proliferation and differentiation capacity indicates that activation of these cells is regulated via pathways linked to development, repair and regeneration. However despite the advancements made in stem cell differentiation, no studies have succeeded in generating a functional organ such as a human liver. The very recent breakthrough in generation of a three-dimensional vascularized and functional human liver from human pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by transplantation liver buds made in vitro-grown organ buds is promising for chronic liver diseases (5). Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: The implication of this study is to know recent developments in the stem cell technology and applications. To briefly describe the importance of different types of stem cells with their differentiation potential in cell therapy and regeneration medicine. Authors’ Contribution: All the manuscript prepared by the author. Financial Disclosure: The author declares no competing financial interests.}, keywords = {differentiation,Regenerative medicine,Stem Cell}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7220.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7220_5f4ec83cec717b9638869f819505a303.pdf} } @article { author = {Dadashpour Davachi, Navid and Miri, Seyyed Mohammad}, title = {Embryo Culture Challenge: Microbial Contamination}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {207-208}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.14733}, abstract = {The success rate of embryo production critically depends on several factors. One of the pivotal factors is a technique used for the whole procedure of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro embryo culture (IVC) (1, 2). Besides the technique selected for IVF / in vitro embryo production (IVEP), there is an important consideration called IVF/IVEP culture dishes disinfection (3). For many years, microbial contamination of embryo culture dishes has caused several deficiencies in the success rate of assisted reproductive technique (ART) laboratory. Despite precise culture conditions, strict trafficking regulations, rigorous discipline of aseptic technique and applying culture medium supplemented with antibiotics including Penicillin and Streptomycin, a dramatic increase in the number of infections was recorded routinely worldwide (4, 5). There is a great demand to overcome the abovementioned issue in human fertility & sterility clinics and laboratory procedures. Results of intensive studies regarding the identification of the main sources of such contamination reveled that Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Candida species have caused more than 59% and 26% of these contaminations, respectively (6-8). Among E. coli species, 74% showed a great resistant to both Penicillin and Streptomycin in the culture medium. On the other hand, 24% of E. coli appeared to be resistant to both antibiotics. “Infections in IVF culture dishes are mainly caused by bacterial strains insensitive to the antibiotics used or due to yeast colonization by Candida species, which frequently reside in the vagina” (6, 9). IVF culture dishes catch E. coli/Candida either via ejaculation which is the paternal source of infection obtained from semen samples, and / or maternal sources. The maternal source of contamination is either ovum pick up procedure (OPU) or vaginal environment (10). In a report, identification of the contaminating micro-organisms revealed that some of the materials utilized in the culture procedure such as “mineral oil”, which is used to cover the fertilization/culture drops, were infected with Aspergilles terreus. Therefore, not only, a great variation has been observed in case of the origin of culture dishes infections, but also there would be a great number of bacterial / fungal species transferred by the infecting sources to the culture dishes (6). However, as mentioned before, many of the infectious bacterial or fungal colonies are insensitive to antibiotics (6). Therefore, it would be an obligation to develop an efficient and simple prevention method to reduce the high rate of culture dishes contaminations. Animal biotechnologist and other scientists who are involved in IVEP aspired to reduce the mentioned deficiency caused by these microorganisms. Disinfection procedure of IVF/IVC culture dishes involved two main obstacles, in which there were complications; selection of an appropriate and efficient antibiotic as well as wide variation of bacterial / fungal sensitivity to the selected antibiotic. Diverse techniques have been suggested to overcome the current problem, such as different combinations of antibiotics added to culture mediums and / or antibiotic administration to oocyte and sperm donors. Getting to work all these directions, a great number of bacterial / fungal contaminations are yet being reported. On the other hand, the current knowledge has a huge doubt about side effects of antibiotics administrated to patients with subfertility and / or added to embryo culture medium, on oocyte / embryo competence and survival (6, 9). In recent years some laboratories such as University of Tehran IVF/IVC laboratory has employed and proven the efficiency of applying a specific regiment of Ultra Violet lamp (UV) along with non-toxic disinfectant gaseous phase “Ozone (O3)” (physicochemical disinfection method (PDM)). The results showed that besides administrating and supplementing culture mediums with common antibiotics for disinfection of IVF/IVC culture medium, the new horizon in physicochemical disinfection procedure could also be promising in this context; through the applications of PDM. Results revealed that, when this regiment was applied, no infection was observed through 2367 IVF treatment cycles. The same combination of UV and O3 recently has been applied in an incubator (Simple Embryo Culture Chamber (SECC)) designed by Dadashpour Davachi et al. (unpublished data) to protect all kinds of cell and embryo culture dishes against infecting microorganism. Results showed that using SECC compared to other commercial incubators led to a dramatic decrease in culture dishes contamination (Table 1). In SECC only before putting the culture dishes in the chamber the UV lamp was on. It would be demonstrated that many kinds of the infecting microorganism are introduced to culture dishes via external sources such as mineral oil, tissue culture medium and other reagents. Applying different UV and O3 regiment in IVF / IVC laboratory would be promising to reduce antibiotic consumption in IVEP. There is no acknowledgment. Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Embryo production laboratory and animal biotechnologist may use the presented information Authors’ Contribution: The authors have participated equally in manuscript preparation. Financial Disclosure: There is no financial disclosure.}, keywords = {Embryo Production,Microbial Contamination,Ultra Violet,In vitro}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7243.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7243_5c3e5a1808671b068bdac5913de10ddc.pdf} } @article { author = {Rashidi, Ladan and Vasheghani-Farahani, Ebrahim and Rostami, Khosrow and Gangi, Fariba and Fallahpour, Masoud}, title = {Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Nanocarrier for Delivery of Vitamin C}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {209-213}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.14279}, abstract = {Background: In the last decades, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are improved for drug delivery, imaging, and biomedical applications due to their special properties such as large surface area, high drug loading capacity, tunable pore size, and modification of surface area by functional groups. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate MSNs as carriers for oral colon-specific and human plasma blood delivery of vitamin C. Materials and Methods: In this work, mesoporous silica nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N2- adsorption. Then MSNs were loaded by L-ascorbic acid (AscH2), and the release of L-ascorbic acid from AscH2-MSNs into the simulated fluids in different pHs was investigated, including simulated gastric fluid (SGF, 1.2), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, 6.8), and simulated body fluid (SBF, 7.4). The amount of loaded AscH2 into the MSNs was determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results: Synthesized MSNs were spheres and the average diameter of them was 100 ± 9 nm. Results showed that about 567.8 nanomole of vitamin C per gram of MSNs were loaded. It was found that the burst release of AscH2 into SGF was slower than SIF and SBF. Conclusions: The rate of AscH2 release from the nanoparticles into alkaline solutions was faster than acidic solutions because of electrostatic interactions between vitamin C and MSNs surface. The loading amount of Vitamin C was dependent on the surface of chemical moiety of MSNs and the steric effects of vitamin C structure.}, keywords = {Ascorbic acid,Mesoporous silica,Nanoparticles,release,Vitamin C}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7211.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7211_ac760ef2378d3f70d3d4a18713a6cd6f.pdf} } @article { author = {Cai, Mingsheng and Zhao, Zhiyao and Zhu, Juny and Chen, Jianhong and Wang, Bingyun and Li, Zi and Li, Meili}, title = {Identification of Synonymous Codon Usage Bias in the Pseudorabies Virus UL31 Gene}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {214-222}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.13811}, abstract = {Background: Little knowledge of synonymous codon usage pattern of pseudorabies virus (PRV) genome, especially the UL31 gene in the process for its evolution is available. Objectives: In the present study, the codon usage bias between PRV UL31 sequence and the UL31-like sequences was identified. Materials and Methods: We used a comprehensive analysis on codon usage pattern in the PRV UL31 gene and the UL31-like genes of 48 reference herpesviruses by calculating codon adaptation index, ENc, RSCU and EMBOSS assays. Results: Cluster analysis demonstrated that the codon usage bias of UL31-like genes of 49 herpesviruses had a very close relation to their gene functions. In addition, comparison of codon preferences in the UL31 gene of PRV with those of E. coli, yeast and human showed that there were 33 codons showing discrete usage differences between PRV and yeast, 24 between PRV and E. coli, but 22 between PRV and human. Although there were slightly fewer differences in codon usages between PRV and human, the difference is unlikely to be statistically significant, and experimental studies are necessary to establish the most suitable expression system for PRV UL31. Conclusion: These results may further our comprehending of the evolution, pathogenesis and functional studies of PRV.}, keywords = {Alphaherpesvirus,Codon usage bias,Pseudorabies Virus,UL31 gene}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7199.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7199_3ac3a8e696b47c1ae24ebe0d35c49a6a.pdf} } @article { author = {Sanjari, Samaneh and Naderifar, Abbas and Pazuki, Gholamreza}, title = {Modeling and Optimization of β-Cyclodextrin Production by Bacillus licheniformis using Artiï‌cial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {223-232}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.11272}, abstract = {Background: The complexity of the fermentation processes is mainly due to the complex nature of the biological systems which follow the life in a non-linear manner. Joined performance of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) in finding optimal solutions in experimentation has found to be superior compared to the statistical methods. Range of applications of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as an enzymatic derivative of starch is diverse, where the complex performance of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) as the involved enzyme is not well recognized. Objectives: The aim of the present work was to use ANN systems with different training algorithms and defined architectures joined with GA, in order to optimize β-CD production considering temperature of the reaction mixture, substrate concentration, and the inoculum’s pH as the input variables. Materials and Methods: Commercially Neural Power, version 2.5 (CPC-X Software, 2004) was used for the numerical analysis according to the specifications provided in the software. β-CD concentration was determined spectrophotometrically according to phenolphthalein discoloration technique, described in the literature. Results: Randomly obtaining the experimental data for β-CD production in a fermentation process, could get explainable order using the ANN system coupled with GA. Changes of the β-CD as the function of each of the three selected input variables, were best quantified with use of the ANN system joined with the GA. The performance of the IBP learning algorithm was highly favorable (10300 epoch’s number within 5 second, with the lowest RMSE value) while the sensitivity analysis of the results which was carried out according to the weight method, were indicative of the importance of input variables as follows: substrate concentration < temperature < inoculum’s pH. For instance, small changes in the system’s pH are associated with the large variation in the β-CD production as has been described by the suggested model. Conclusions: Production of β-CD (enzymatic derivative of starch) by B. licheniformis was satisfactorily described based on multivariate data analysis application of the ANN system and the experimental data were optimized by considering ANN plus the GA where the IBP was used as the training method and with use of three neurons as the constructed variables in the hidden layer of the test network.}, keywords = {Artificial Neural Network,Bacillus licheniformis,β-Cyclodextrin Production,Genetic algorithm,Modeling,optimization}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7241.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7241_da86c2e01e374fe787e65bf96b9f1fe8.pdf} } @article { author = {Nejatzadeh-Barandozi, Fatemeh and Akbari, Leila}, title = {Karyotypic Variation of the Aloe vera L. and Aloe littoralis Baker in Iran}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {233-237}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.12985}, abstract = {Background: We describe karyotypic variations and the in vitro methods for plant propagation and conservation as well as detailed chromosomal analysis of (Aloe vera L.) and Aloe littoralis from Iran during flowering stage. Objectives: This karyotypic was discovered because of a difference in the position of the chromosome and due to genomic differentiation in domesticated populations of the Iranian species. We show that highly conserved ortho selected karyotype in (Aloe vera L.) both in in vivo and in vitro grown cultivars. Materials and Methods: Cytological investigation of Aloe littoralis in vitro grown plants revealed its tetraploid nature. Chromosome behaviors in miosis cell division were studied in one hundred cells and the populations and the parameters such as number and type of formed chiasmas were recorded. Results: Despite the large size of the chromosomes, the most portions of the observed chiasmata were one chiasma per pairs of homologes. A population of Aloe littoralis showed high level of four chiasmata. The percentage of pollen viability is high in both (Aloe vera L.) and Aloe littoralis, yet the flowers failed to form fruits. Conclusions: This finding, in combination with regional differences in the frequency of the karyotype, has important values for future studies using Aloe spices.}, keywords = {Aloe Littoralis,Chiasma,Karyotypic Variation}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7221.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7221_308c544364facc7063f0dd5d18065fa7.pdf} } @article { author = {Towhidi, Armin and Zeinoaldini, Saeed and Ardebili, Rouzbeh and Dadashpour Davachi, Navid and Nasiri, Amir Hossein}, title = {Combined n-3 Fatty Acids and α-Tocopherol Supplementation Improved the Ovine Sperm Cryosurvival}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {238-243}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.14469}, abstract = {Background: Spermatozoa preservation is an approach to improve the fertility rate to pass on the valuable genetic material from sire to their offspring. During the last 20 years, reproductive biotechnologists have focused on the approaches that improve spermatozoa cryosurvival. One of the possible mechanisms is supplementation in semen extender. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of healthy ram semen with n-3 fatty acids and α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) on freezing ability and fatty acid (FA) content of sperm cell. Materials and Methods: Semen collection was performed on six mature Zandi rams by an artificial vagina. In the present study, two experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1, the specimen quality was assessed. Then the samples were pooled. The pooled specimens were allocated into 12 groups, in a 3 × 4 factorial design, including four levels of n-3 FA (0, 0.1, 1, 10 ng.mL -1) and three levels of α-tocopherol (0. 0.1, 0.2 mM). Then sperm critical characteristics such as proportion of motile sperm, progressive motile sperm, viable and abnormal sperms were measured. Furthermore, after freezing-thawing procedure, the recovery rate was considered as a vital indicator of semen quality. After thawing, the highest progressive motility was obtained when treated with 0.1 mM α-tocopherol and 1 ng.mL -1 n-3 FA. So, the second experiment was designed to measure the content of FA in specimens that fortified with 0.1 mM α-tocopherol, 1 ng.mL -1 n-3 FA and also in groups without α-tocopherol and FA. Results: The data showed that before freezing, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level of sperm was increased when the FA introduced into extender (P ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, in the FA group, the n-3 FA and polyunsaturated fatty acid content were significantly higher compared with n-6 FA and saturated fatty acid level. However, in other groups, there were no significant alteration in the overall proportion of n-3 FA and n-6 FA were recorded (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that the cryosurvival of ram semen could be improved by adding DHA along with alfa-tocopherol as an antioxidant.}, keywords = {α-Tocopherol,Freezing,n-3 Fatty Acids,Sheep,Sperm}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7210.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7210_a3b8bafb36a8408ae0714dd14be538ed.pdf} } @article { author = {Zakipour-Molkabadi, Esmaeil and Hamidi-Esfahani, Zohreh and Sahari, Mohammad Ali and Azizi, Mohammad Hosein}, title = {A New Native Source of Tannase Producer, Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190: Characterization of the Enzyme}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {244-250}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.11848}, abstract = {Background: Tannase can be obtained from the various sources for example tannin rich plants; however microbial sources are preferred for industrial production. In microbial sources, the Aspergillus and Penicillium genus and lactic acid bacteria mostly produce tannase. However, it has been identified that this enzyme is produced by many fungi and bacteria, but researches are continuing to find new species. Objectives: The aim of this study was to isolate a tannase-producing fungi from moldy tea leaves and to study some properties of its enzyme. Materials and Methods: The present study was done via two steps. At first, industrially important tannaseproducing fungi were isolated from moldy tea leaves using the simple agar plate method followed by the screening of organisms capable of producing tannase using the enrichment culture technique in modified Czapek Dox’s agar. Finally, tannase obtained from the best isolate was partially purified and characterized. Results: Tannase produced by Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 isolated from moldy tea leaves was partially purified and characterized. Maximum enzyme production (4.33 U.mL-1) was recorded after 96 hours of incubation at 30 °C in submerged culture (100 rpm) utilizing 1% (w/v) tannic acid as a sole carbon source. This tannase exhibited optimum activity at 35 °C and at pH of 5.5, and showed nearly 50% of its maximal activity at 50 °C. In the present study, tannase from Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 had KM and Vmax values of 1.24 mM and 17.09 U.mL-1, respectively, and showed more than 50% stability at salt (NaCl) concentration of 1 M for 24 hours. Conclusions: Tannase productivity of Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 (0.045 U.mL-1.h-1) is comparable with the maximum tannase productivity in the reported literatures, and the biochemical characteristics showed by Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 tannase are considered favorable for tannin biodegradation in the industry. So, we concluded that Penicillium sp. EZ-ZH190 is a good strain for use in the efficient production of tannase.}, keywords = {Activity,Stability,Tannase,Tannic Acid}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7227.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7227_3f2e7c93f8a44b2c2f84ddafc41874f3.pdf} } @article { author = {Kha Trinh, Dinh and Thi Quyen, Dinh and Tuyen Do, Thi and Huong Nguyen, Thi Thu and Minh Nghiem, Ngoc}, title = {Optimization of Culture Conditions and Medium Components for Carboxymethyl Cellulase (CMCase) Production by a Novel Basidiomycete Strain Peniophora sp. NDVN01}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {251-259}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.11039}, abstract = {Background: Cellulytic enzymes including carboxymethyl cellulases play the key role in hydrolysis of cellulose, a huge organic carbon reservoir on earth, into monomeric sugars and their eventual conversion into valuable chemicals and energy sources. Objectives: In this study, we described the identification of a basidiomycete isolate NDVN01 and optimization of culture conditions and medium components for CMCase production by this strain under liquid state fermentation. The CMCase was estimated as 32 - 33 kDa on a native Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Materials and Methods: We used 5 basidiomycetes for screening CMCase production, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis in combination with morphology for strain identification, and liquid state fermentation for optimization of CMCase production. Results: The maximum CMCase production by Peniophora sp. NDVN01 was obtained at 28°C, with the initial medium pH of 7 and within 120 hours of cultivation in the optimum medium containing 80% (v/v) of potato infusion, 0.6% (w/v) straw rice as additional carbon source and 0.2% (w/v) ammonium hydrogen phosphate as an additional nitrogen source, and 0.5% (w/v) pulp as inducer. Conclusions: Under optimal conditions, Peniophora sp. NDVN01 produced 24.65 ± 0.37 units of CMCase per mL of culture supernatant, which was 8.6 times higher than the amount (2.87 ± 0.28 U.mL -1) before optimization.}, keywords = {CMCase Culture Condition,Medium Component,optimization,Peniophora sp. NDVN01}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7200.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7200_afb4858d30d1c8fd3c7c300ad85e9e5d.pdf} } @article { author = {Kanungo, Satyajit and Ranjan Rout, Jyoti and Sahoo, SantiLata}, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Withania somnifera L. in vitro and in vivo Grown Explants}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {260-264}, year = {2013}, publisher = {National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Iran}, issn = {1728-3043}, eissn = {2322-2921}, doi = {10.5812/ijb.14256}, abstract = {Background: Withania somnifera L. Dunal, (Ashwagandha) belongs to the family Solanaceae and is known as ‘Indian ginseng’ in the traditional system of medicine. Objectives: In the present investigation, comparative analysis was carried out between two different ecotypes of W. somnifera related to total soluble protein and antioxidant enzyme activity [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)] to find out the expression of isozyme in response to climatic variation. Materials and Methods: Viable and healthy seeds were germinated under the optimal condition to develop the in vitro and in vivo plants. The plant materials were taken for the analysis of total soluble protein and evaluated for antioxidant enzyme activity in both ecotypes. Results: Maximum protein (15.54 mg/gm fresh weight) was quantified from the in vitro grown plants of W1 ecotype. The CAT and SOD activity was found to be the maximum in W1 plants whereas, GPX activity was more in W2 plants. Specific activity staining of isozyme pattern exhibited only one band of CAT in all types of plants. In case of SOD, four isoforms (SOD 1, SOD 2, SOD 3 and SOD 4) were observed in W1 ecotype whereas one band (SOD 1) was missing in W2. Conclusions: The supplementation of required nutrients under in vitro condition enhanced the yield of antioxidant enzymes. The geographical distribution of plants contributes to the variation in the expression of the isozyme in the same species, and that may be due to the climatic variation.}, keywords = {Antioxidant,Catalase,Guaiacol peroxidase,Isoforms,Protein}, url = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7219.html}, eprint = {https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7219_c4b4626f1db900de7e3b22c64c5dee63.pdf} }