Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Sabzevar Branch Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, IR Iran
2 Department of Plant Virus Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, IR Iran
Abstract
Keywords
1. Background
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) from the genus Cucumovirus, family Bromoviridae has great economic importance because it affects a wide range of hosts, including over 1300 species in more than 500 genera, over 100 families, with new hosts being reported each year (1). The genome of CMV consists of three single-stranded positive-sense RNAs. RNA1 and RNA2 encode 1a and 2a proteins respectively, essential for replication. A small protein (2b) associated with the suppression of RNA interference is also encoded by RNA2. RNA3 is dicistronic and encodes the movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP). The second ORF encodes the 24 kDa CP, which is expressed through a sub-genomic RNA4 (2) and is involved in encapsidation, systemic infection or long distance movement within infected plants, host range and aphid transmission (3). Several of CMV isolates have been previously described and classified into two subgroups, I and II, according to serological relationships, peptide mapping of the CP, nucleic acid hybridization and nucleotide sequence identity (3, 4). Most CMV isolates belong to subgroup I (5) and later phylogenetic analysis has led to a further subdivision of this subgroup into subgroups IA and IB (6). Subgroup II isolates are found more frequently in cooler areas of temperate regions. Most isolates in subgroup IB are reported from East Asia, which has been proposed to be the origin of this subgroup (7) although some have also been reported from other areas, i.e. the Mediterranean region, California, Brazil, Australia and Greece. Those in the Mediterranean could have been introduced recently from East Asia (1, 7). Isolates of subgroups I and II can be identified using monoclonal antibodies, and isolates from subgroups IA, IB and II can be determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (8). Many studies on CMV in Iran have been limited to serological and biological detection. Recently analysis of the complete CP gene of Iranian CMV isolates from North West revealed that both subgroup I and II variants occur, however, with a higher incidence of subgroup I variants (9-13).
2. Objectives
In the present study tomato fields in Guilan, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan and Tehran provinces were surveyed to determine the presence of CMV subgroups during 2011 - 2012.
3. Materials and Methods
During the growing seasons of 2011 - 2012, surveys were conducted in the main tomato growing areas in Guilan, Isfahan, Khorasan-e-Razavi, Khuzestan and Tehran provinces to determine the CMV subgroups (Table 1). A total number of 305 leaf samples with virus like symptoms including chlorotic local lesions, fern leaf/shoestring, mottle, mosaic, vein necrosis and yellows were collected. These samples were tested for CMV infection by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, as described by Clark and Adams (14) using CMV specific polyclonal antibodies (CMV-IgG) purchased from Bioreba (Reinach, Switzerland). According to the ELISA results, 147 (48.2 %) out of 305 symptomatic leaf samples, were found to be infected by CMV with the highest percentage in Khorasan Razavi (67.4%) followed by Khuseztan (50.6%), Tehran (48%), Isfahan (38.2%) and Guilan (34.3%). Sixty out of 147 ELISA-positive samples were homogenized in 0.1 M K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and mechanically inoculated onto Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun plants dusted with carborundum. Each virus isolate was biologically purified through a single local isolation that was repeated three times on Chenopodium quinoa and subsequently propagated in N. tabacum cv. Samsun. Host range was then examined using seven species belonging to Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae families.
4. Results
The CMV isolates induced similar symptoms on indicator plants belonging to the families Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Chenopodiaceae. However, on Solanaceae indicator plants, the CMV isolates from Khuzestan could be differentiated from other isolates by expressing milder symptoms on N. glutinosa (Figure 1A and 1B) and S. lycopersicum (Figure 1C and 1D). Total RNA was extracted from 25 CMV-infected N. tabacum cv. Samsun using Tri-reagent (Sigma) and first-strand cDNA synthesis was performed using RevertAid M-MuLV reverse transcriptase according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Fermentas UAB, Lithuania). First, CMV isolates were tested for the presence of satellite RNA and their classification in different subgroups was determined using specific primers as described previously (8). A DNA fragment with the expected size (about 600 bp) was amplified in all CMV isolates using subgroup I specific primers whereas no amplicon was obtained for CMV subgroup II or satellite RNA. Subsequent RT-PCR reactions were performed using specific primers designed in the CMV CP gene, (11) and DNA amplicons were sequenced in both directions using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit and an Applied Biosystems Genetic Analyser DNA model 310 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The complete CP gene nucleotide sequence of 19 Iranian CMV isolates was determined and shown to be 657 nt long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 218 amino acids.
The relationships of the aligned genes were calculated separately using the NJ and ML methods. Amino acid sequences corresponding to CP were aligned using CLUSTAL X2 (15) with TRANSALIGN (kindly supplied by George Weiller, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) for optimal alignment (16). Recombination events, putative parental isolates of recombinants, and recombination break points were analyzed using several methods implemented in the RDP3 version 3.44b (17) with default configuration and a Bonferroni corrected P-value cut-off of 0.01 and 0.05. No apparent recombination events (P < 1×10−6) were found in the complete nucleotide sequence of the CP gene of Iranian isolates. The evolutionary history was inferred using the NJ method implemented in MEGA 4 (18). The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates was taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed. Also, the phylogenetic relationships were determined using maximum-likelihood (ML) tree algorithm of PAUP 4.0 beta Version 8 (19). The calculated trees were displayed by TREEVIEW (20). The Kimura 2-parameter (21) and Dayhoff PAM250 matrices (22) were used to estimate the nucleotide and amino acid distances among the CP gene of 19 CMV Iranian isolates characterized in this study and of Fny isolate (subgroup IA) (23), Banana, J&K, 22Huahine, G2 and G10 isolates (subgroup IB) (7, 24); and Trk7 (25) from subgroup II (Table 2). Phylogenetic trees constructed by NJ and ML methods using CP genes of the 42 isolates (Table 1) showed three groups, which were strongly supported by bootstrap analyses (Figure 2). Most of the CMV isolates from Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran and all of the previously reported CMV isolates from North West of Iran with CMV-Cu (EF620777) fell into subgroup IA. Moreover, our sequenced CMV isolates from Khuzestan (Accession Nos. KC122258-KC122261) fell into subgroup IB (Figure 2). The genetic distances showed that the Iranian CMV isolates in subgroup IB were most related to G10 isolates from Greece with 0.93 and 1.32% nucleotide and amino acids, respectively. Low genetic distance of 0.46 to 0.61% was estimated for Iranian subgroup IB isolates (Table 2). The genetic distance between Iranian subgroup IA and IB isolates was 0 - 3.6% and 0 - 1.4%, respectively, while the inter-subgroup distance was 7-9.5%. As expected, Iranian subgroup IA and IB isolates were distantly related to subgroup II isolates (26.8 - 28.3% and 27.9 - 28.6%, respectively) (table not shown).
5. Discussion
CMV isolates belonging to subgroups IA (13) and II (12) were previously reported in Iran. Our findings show for the first time the occurrence IB subgroup isolates of CMV in tomato fields of Khuzestan, South of Iran. The occurrence of subgroup IB in Iran may be related to the widespread cultivation of newly introduced commercial tomato cultivars and changes in CMV populations in the region. Their presence could have also resulted from the use of infected seeds. Although Iranian isolates belonging to subgroup IB are the first reported members of this subgroup in West Asia, we do not yet know whether these are dominant isolates in this region.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Plant Virus Research Department of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP). We would like to thank anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and recommendations. This study was part of the M.S. thesis of the first author.
Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education This study has implication on plant pathology research.
Please cite this paper as Arafati N, Farzadfar S, Pourrahim R. Characterization of Coat Protein Gene of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Isolates in Iran. Iran J Biotech. 2013: 11(2): in press. DOI: 10.5812/ijb.10715
Authors’ Contribution Shirin Farzadfar and the authors have conducted the study.
Financial Disclosure There is not any financial interest.
Funding/ Support Financial support of IRIPP and Sabzevar branch Islamic Azad University is acknowledged.